Obesity and digestive diseases

Abstract

Obesity is a prevalent, multifactorial disease in modern developed societies that significantly increases the risk of various noncommunicable diseases. It disrupts metabolic homeostasis by promoting excessive fat accumulation, which leads to an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines. As a potent endocrine organ, adipose tissue secretes adipokines that play a crucial role in metabolic regulation. Metabolic and inflammatory changes associated with obesity have a profound impact on the development and progression of digestive diseases. Dysfunction of excess adipose tissue leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, alterations in gut microbiota, and disruptions in neuroimmune signaling. These factors contribute to gastrointestinal and liver disorders, including conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, and colorectal cancer. Metabolic disturbances associated with obesity may worsen inflammatory bowel disease and disrupt the gut-brain axis, ultimately affecting intestinal health. Obesity affects the intestinal barrier, leading to dysbiosis and immune system dysfunction. Additionally, obese patients have a higher risk of developing esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. This review examines the impact of obesity on digestive diseases, highlighting its influence on gut health, inflammation, and related complications.